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Tomàs Abella

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  • In Sub-Saharan Africa, girls go to school less. And those that go, leave earlier. Housework and early marriage -usually forced- prevent them from going. Chad is one of the countries in the world with the lowest school attendance rates for girls: only 49% of them attend primary school and the percentage that attends secondary school doesn't even reach 5%. Dankalla, Chad.
    Chad_ul_002.jpg
  • Although the schooling rate in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased in recent years, half of the unschooled children in the world -some 38 million- live in this region. Another serious problem is that 40% of Sub-Saharan students leave school before they finish their primary education. Dankalla, Chad.
    Chad_or_34.jpg
  • The lack of safety, fed by the many conflicts (border, economic, inter-ethnic, religious, etc.) that the driest part of Africa is subjected to, lurks over the women. On the long journey to the water, the women are victims to kidnappings, rape and murder. Guera, Chad.
    Chad_005.jpg
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa, progress towards achieving gender equality and the enabling and empowering of women has been modest. Gender equality is more than an objective in itself. It is a precondition for tackling the challenge of reducing poverty. Thidé, Mauritania
    mauritania_women_011.jpg
  • mauritania_women_013.jpg
  • Sindu Kasi (in the middle) is 16 years old and lives in the small village of Tata. She goes out looking for water twice every day, in the early morning and at noon and spends more than six hours total travelling back and forth for water. She had to stop going to school because she didn't have enough time. She would have liked to have been a doctor. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_008.jpg
  • 160 women participate in the Wothie cooperative. Each one of them is responsible for a 200 metre squared plot. The land, which was previously unproductive and abandoned, was given to them by the chief -the traditional leader- of the community. When women participate in the field work, up to an estimated 50% more is harvested. Thidé, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_005.jpg
  • The black population of Brakna, the majority of them Peul, suffered from a brutal repression by the Mauritian army which attempted to expel them to Senegal in 1989. Afterwards, there were droughts and floods. Extracting and channelling water from the Senegal River was the first step taken by the local population to make the lands fertile so that eight women's cooperatives could work them. Brakna, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_004.jpg
  • After a hard day in the field, Abraha Tarreken washes himself in a washbowl. This same water is used to prepare food. The water is not boiled as firewood is scarce and is only used to cook. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_025.jpg
  • Mosquitoes that transmit malaria reproduce in the water. Malaria is the most frequent disease and one of the most deadly that is treated at the Samre hospital. Women, weakened by a huge workload, are very vulnerable to the disease. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_030.jpg
  • The Tata Water Committee is made up of women who, after receiving training from Intermón Oxfam, are responsible for managing the well. The community's commitment and participation, especially the women's, in the management and sustainable maintenance of the wells and springs is essential to the success of the Water Bank project. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_037.jpg
  • Kalidou uses a part of the vegetable harvest from her garden for family consumption. And she obtains double the benefit: she saves on buying these products and improves their diet. Wothie, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_009.jpg
  • This well, which was built by Intermón Oxfam, has changed the Germais' lives. Before, they had to go get water from a pond in the mountains, which took them 12 hours: five to go, another five to come back, plus two hours waiting in the queue. Now, the tap is 20 minutes from their house. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_033.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_034.jpg
  • After decades of drought, most of the rivers and wells in the region have dried up. The remaining water sources, just like this spring, are depleting due to the population increase and the livestock they maintain. There is an ongoing conflict between the small villages regarding ownership of the water. Samre, Ethiopia.
    Ethiopia_water_053.jpg
  • Burkina_Faso_011.jpg
  • Almas is eight years old. She goes out looking for water twice every day, in the early morning and at noon and spends more than five hours total travelling back and forth for water. She had to stop going to school because she didn’t have enough time. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    Ethiopia_water.jpg
  • mauritania_women_012.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_038.jpg
  • The children's immature immune systems mean that they are easy victims to diseases such as amebiasis or giardiasis, which are caused by intestinal parasites found in the contaminated water they drink and wash themselves with.  Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_022.jpg
  • The temperature easily reaches 40ºC in Wargeba. In order to avoid the suffocating morning heat, Brahané gets up at four in the morning and searches for water in a small pond. But, at these hours, the hyenas lie in wait. Brahané is careful to pay attention to any sign of their presence; several women have been bitten by the hyenas in her community. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_001.jpg
  • The Gurage landscape ranges from jungles to fast-flowing rivers. It has been raining in Gurage with an unusual strength in recent times, possibly due to the climate change. Here, the problem with searching for water lies in the sudden rises in the river level. Several residents of the small village of Chaha have died as they were swept away by the current. Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_011.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_026.jpg
  • Marieme bought meat at the Ari Hara market with the money she obtained from selling her vegetables. It is a real luxury that she rarely allowed herself before the community gardens existed. Ari Hara, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_008.jpg
  • In the district of Samre, water consumption per person per day is little more than five litres; in rich countries, it is 250 litres. The amount of water that one person uses when they flush the toilet is the same amount they have in Samre to wash, drink and cook for an entire day. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_020.jpg
  • Women are the target population for the adult literacy project. Mother-child health, nutrition and family planning are also taught. Loumbila, Burkina Faso.
    Burkina_Faso001.jpg
  • Ethiopia_water_047.jpg
  • Ethiopia has the worst access to drinking water in the world. Just 44% of the population have it. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_005.jpg
  • In some of the small villages of Tigray, there are "water beggars": old women and men without families or strength who travel from house to house begging for water.  Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_019.jpg
  • Since 1996, Oxfam has been promoting the creation of women's agricultural cooperatives in Mauritania to work on community vegetable gardens. Irrigation using water from the River Senegal was the first step taken by the women of Brakna to make these previously abandoned and unproductive lands fertile. Brakna, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_001.jpg
  • Intermón Oxfam grants credits to women's cooperatives to buy seeds and tools together, and therefore, lower costs. They pay the credit back by selling the extra vegetables from the three or four annual harvests. Ari Hara, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_007.jpg
  • On average, the women who are close to the source gain five hours of life a day. They finish their housework earlier, pay more attention to family hygiene, feed their babies promptly and take better care of the rest of their children. Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_027.jpg
  • The women who participate in the cooperatives chose to plant products that are scarce in the area such as vegetables and mint, which is essential to the preparation of Mauritian tea, and that supplement the traditional local grain plantations. Wothie, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_006.jpg
  • Their improved family income has made it possible for the Germais to buy a camel with which they can transport 80 litres of water on each trip. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_017.jpg
  • What the women of Tata most fear is giving birth on the rugged path to the spring. That is why they always go in groups.  They also do so in order to keep off the hyenas. Chronic back injuries and problems caused by the heavy loads are customary among the women. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_018.jpg
  • As far as the work distribution in a rural Ethiopian family, the man takes care of the field work. Women are in charge of housework and searching for water is their essential task. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_006.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_066.jpg
  • Upon returning from the spring with the daily water supply, Letehigot bathes her sister Indesh. The scarceness and contamination of the available water means that her family's hygiene conditions are very precarious. They wash their clothing every two or three months. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_024.jpg
  • The water from the river that 25 year old Tesomech (in the middle) goes to is also not safe. In order to supply her eight-member family with water, Tesomech must carry a 35 litre container twice a day for four hours. She suffers from frequent backaches. Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_013.jpg
  • The water from this spring is not drinkable, but there is no other one. Muddy, smelly and infected with micro organisms and parasites, this water paradoxically represents the greatest of all dangers. After decades of drought, most of the rivers and wells in the region have dried up. The remaining water sources, just like this spring, are depleting due to the population increase and the livestock they maintain. There is an ongoing conflict between the small villages regarding ownership of the water. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_009.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_015.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_036.jpg
  • In Guera, water sources are dwindling and there is sustained growth of the population and the cattle that use them. The pressure the communities put on water resources fans the flames of conflict between villages over their ownership.
    Chad_007.jpg
  • Chad_or_37.jpg
  • The Intermón Oxfam water bank (developed in Ethiopia for this NGO) is the most ambitious water infrastructure construction and management project in its history. The goal for the water bank is to supply 20 litres of safe water per person, per day -the minimum amount recommended by the WHO- to the people who suffer from severe water problems, by making better use of the springs and digging wells Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_032.jpg
  • Education plays a fundamental role in eradicating the practice of female circumcision. The Kobinkalé association, with support from Intermón Oxfam, takes advantage of the adult literacy programme to spread awareness among the population. Boulgou, Burkina Faso.
    Burkina Faso_ul_041.jpg
  • In order to create minimal learning conditions, it is not enough just to go to school. At this public school, a single teacher teaches all subjects to his 200 students of different ages.  Mangalmé, Chad.
    Chad_ul_35.jpg
  • For Mariata, who is 60 and has seven dependent<br />
grandchildren, the arrival of drinking water was a<br />
starting point for improving their living conditions. Now, she is a member of the women's agricultural cooperative that Intermón Oxfam has sponsored in Wothie. Wothie, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_003.jpg
  • For Mariata, who is 60 and has seven dependent<br />
grandchildren, the arrival of drinking water was a<br />
starting point for improving their living conditions.  Now, she is a member of the women's agricultural cooperative that Intermón Oxfam has sponsored in Wothie. Wothie, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_002.jpg
  • Their improved family income has made it possible for the Germais to buy a camel with which they can transport 80 litres of water on each trip. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_016.jpg
  • In the district of Samre, water consumption per person per day is little more than five litres; in rich countries, it is 250 litres. The amount of water that one person uses when they flush the toilet is the same amount they have in Samre to wash, drink and cook for an entire day. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_023.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_004.jpg
  • The water from the river that 25 year old Tesomech (in the middle) goes to is also not safe. In order to supply her eight member family with water, Tesomech must carry a 35 litre container twice a day for four hours. She suffers from frequent backaches. Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_014.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_035.jpg
  • In traditional societies where the woman is assigned a role that is linked to the home, always under the auspices of the father or husband, schooling for girls is not seen as a priority. In order to promote schooling for girls among parents, the study programme at these schools includes health and hygiene skills that benefit their families. Moulio, Chad.
    Chad_or_40.jpg
  • Water is the key to life and a fundamental right for all human beings.  However, more than 800 million people see this right infringed upon. Guaranteeing all people access to safe water is the key to their future and their ability to lead a decent life. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_041.jpg
  • Ever since there is safe water in a well near their houses, Dilai (to the left) and her friends attend the Netbarhadnet School. Before the well was built, 69 girls studied there. Now, the school has 142 female students. Samre, Etiopia.
    ethiopia_water_043.jpg
  • The next step for the Brakna region cooperative members will be to create groups of vendors and look for ways to package and transport the vegetables so they can sell them to the national markets. Brakna, Mauritania.
    mauritania_women_010.jpg
  • In Ethiopia, 106 out of every 1,000 children die before they reach the age of five. 60% of infant death is estimated to be caused by water-related infectious diseases and parasites. Diarrhoea is the most common symptom. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_028.jpg
  • Without trees, the rain water runs more quickly over the surface of the land and filters less. This means that less vegetation grows, which increases wind erosion and decreases the amount of rain. Therefore, harvests are worse and worse. 85% of Ethiopians live off of subsistence agriculture and 97% depend on rainwater.  Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_003.jpg
  • ethiopia_water_042.jpg
  • The Tigray region, which borders Eritrea, has suffered two severe droughts in the last 30 years with the last one in 1984-1985 causing more than a million deaths.  Years of war and conflict make the water crisis in the region even worse. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_002.jpg
  • The time women use to carry water make them incapable of working in the field. Moreover, without safe water, the people often become ill, their productivity is low and their income is miserable. It is a vicious cycle of poverty. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_029.jpg
  • Along with the water shortage, the inability to acquire land ownership is one of the greatest difficulties African women face when trying to support their families. Traditional roles that cause the submissiveness of women are obstacles to their personal development and that of their communities. Loumbila, Burkina Faso.
    Burkina_Faso_ul_015.jpg
  • The lack of safe water is one of the structural causes of the permanent food shortage situation that Ethiopia faces and is the breeding ground for recurrent humanitarian crises. Samre, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_012.jpg
  • Andama Kilma is a health technician in the Chaha region and carries out a mother-child health promotion programme. His main goal is to spread awareness among women of the importance of water for their family's health (hygiene habits, purifications...). Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_031.jpg
  • Almas is eight years old. She goes out looking for water twice every day, in the early morning and at noon and spends more than five hours total travelling back and forth for water. She had to stop going to school because she didn't have enough time. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_007.jpg
  • Ever since water is nearby, Faté has time to sell inyera, the basic Ethiopian food staple, at the local market. Thanks to this opportunity, she has increased her income and sent one of her eight daughters to study in the region's capital city. Gurage, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_040.jpg
  • Asmara uses the time she has gained from having the well nearby for preparing the injera, unleavened bread made with indigenous cereal, for lunch. Raya-Mehoni, Ethiopia.
    ethiopia_water_039.jpg
  • The agricultural industry in Catalonia accounts for 30% of the whole of the Spanish market. Day labourers from Morocco, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa allow this sector to remain competitive in the international markets. Spain.
    exit_immigration_spain038.jpg
  • The agricultural industry in Catalonia accounts for 30% of the whole of the Spanish market. Day labourers from Morocco, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa allow this sector to remain competitive in the international markets. Spain.
    exit_immigration_spain037.jpg
  • The agricultural industry in Catalonia accounts for 30% of the whole of the Spanish market. Day labourers from Morocco, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa allow this sector to remain competitive in the international markets. Spain.
    exit_immigration_spain036.jpg